Meta-analysis of the spatial distribution and composition of plastic macro-debris in Indonesia

Despite hundreds of local studies, national patterns of plastic pollution in Indonesia have remained unclear. This meta-analysis synthesises data from across provinces, habitats and study methods to reveal a striking consistency: the same everyday plastic items dominate pollution everywhere. By cutting through fragmented evidence, the paper provides a robust national picture that supports targeted policy, monitoring and intervention — and shows how simple, coordinated actions could yield disproportionate benefits.