System-wide assessment of Indonesia’s plastic value chain: Mapping flows and stakeholders dynamics

Where does plastic really flow — and who controls those flows? This landmark system-wide assessment brings together material, monetary and stakeholder analyses to reveal how plastic moves through Indonesia’s economy, from production to disposal. By applying the CVORR systems framework, the paper exposes hidden power imbalances, informal–formal interactions and structural lock-ins that perpetuate pollution. It provides one of the first truly integrated pictures of Indonesia’s plastic value chain — and a foundation for evidence-based, scalable solutions.